The human brain generates predictions about future events. During face-to-face conversations, visemic information is used to predict upcoming auditory input. Recent studies suggest that the speech motor system plays a role in these cross-modal predictions, however, usually only audio-visual paradigms are employed. Here we tested whether speech sounds can be predicted on the basis of visemic information only, and to what extent interfering with orofacial articulatory effectors can affect these predictions. We registered EEG and employed N400 as an index of such predictions. Our results show that N400's amplitude was strongly modulated by visemic salience, coherent with cross-modal speech predictions. Additionally, N400 ceased to be evoked when syllables' visemes were presented backwards, suggesting that predictions occur only when the observed viseme matched an existing articuleme in the observer's speech motor system (i.e., the articulatory neural sequence required to produce a particular phoneme/viseme). Importantly, we found that interfering with the motor articulatory system strongly disrupted cross-modal predictions. We also observed a late P1000 that was evoked only for syllable-related visual stimuli, but whose amplitude was not modulated by interfering with the motor system. The present study provides further evidence of the importance of the speech production system for speech sounds predictions based on visemic information at the pre-lexical level. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of a hypothesized trimodal repertoire for speech, in which speech perception is conceived as a highly interactive process that involves not only your ears but also your eyes, lips and tongue.

/pdf/electrophysiological-dynamics-of-visual-speech-processing-2b2iql3okh.pdf

Electrophysiological Dynamics of Visual Speech Processing and the Role of Orofacial Effectors for Cross-Modal Predictions.

Previous studies report the absence of a single pattern of attention-deficit, as isolated clinical picture, according to neuropsychological and electrophysiological characteristics during ontogeny. The aim of this study was to use qualitative approach of cultural historical neuropsychology introduced by A.R. Luria to detect the neuropsychological functional factors which underline the cases of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in adolescence. The study included 20 adolescents, 10 with ADHD, and 10 control subjects. The method of analysis of neuropsychological syndrome was used to identify the functional state of neuropsychological brain factors according to the results of neuropsychological qualitative assessment. The electroencephalogram method was also applied, using a visual qualitative study to evaluate the functional level of cortical and subcortical brain structures. The results obtained using qualitative analysis of the data confirm the presence of different clinical pictures in adolescents with ADHD from neuropsychological and electrophysiological level of analysis. There is no any kind of unique isolated patterns, but rather, diffuse and more global participation of subcortical regulation of different levels. The results show that ADHD is not a single clinical picture as several neuropsychological profiles were detected. Qualitative analysis of syndromes, according to cultural historical approach, suggest the necessity of an individual approach for the precision of brain functional mechanisms (or neuropsychological factors) in each concrete case.

Neuropsychological and Electrophysiological Profiles in Adolescents with ADHD: a Qualitative Approach

Introduction. Mild cognitive disorder (MCD) is a heterogeneous syndrome that involves problems with memory, speech, and thinking that are inconspicuous and do not affect the patient's independence and daily life. The article considers similarities and differences in the neurocognitive profiles of patients with mild cognitive disorders of various etiologies.
Materials and methods. We examined 60 people: 30 subjects aged 50 to 83 years with a mild cognitive disorder of various etiologies and 30 relatively healthy individuals as the control group. All patients underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the brain. We used the psychometric method and the following scales: the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR); the results were analyzed using the method of statistical processing.
Results. According to the results of neurocognitive testing, no significant differences were found in the total scores (p = 0.6209), in particular, using the MMSE scale in patients with non-anamnestic (nMCD) and anamnestic (aMCD) мild cognitive disorder and мild cognitive disorder (aMCD). However, patients with nMCD showed significantly lower results with subtests: "attention and calculation" (p = 0.0443). According to the MoCA scale, patients with nMCD had a higher score vs. patients with aMCD (p = 0.0457), namely in the "delayed recall" subtests (p = 0.0102). Patients with nMCD had significantly lower results with the "attention and calculation" subtest (p = 0.0468). No significant differences were found between the groups of patients with MCD according to the results of testing with the FAB scale (p = 0.4778). According to some subtests of the ADAS-cog scale, patients with aMCD showed worse results with the "word recall" test (p = 0.0069) and "word recognition" (p = 0.0350). In patients with nMCD, lower scores were observed for the subtests "concentration and distractibility" (p = 0.0468), "number cancellation task" (p = 0.0217), and "passing the labyrinth" (p = 0.0015). Patients with aMCD showed significantly lower cognitive abilities than patients with nMCD. Consequently, patients with aMCD may be significantly at high risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease.
Conclusions. After comparing the data of neurocognitive profiles, we established that in patients with anamnestic мild cognitive disorder, the clinical picture presented with a pronounced memory disorder, especially delayed recall, while the patients with non-anamnestic мild cognitive disorder were characterized by regulatory cognitive impairment (attention and calculation, reduced speed of thinking, impaired planning of activities).
The MoCA and ADAS-cog scores had better diagnostic accuracy and specificity for the detection and differential diagnosis of mild cognitive disorders than the MMSE scale.

Features of neurocognitive impairments in patients with mild cognitive disorder of different etiology

This article is devoted to the problem of modern approaches to the classification of aphasia proposed by domestic and foreign researchers. It describes the forms of aphasia with an indication of the topic of the lesion, a brief syndromic picture, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the classifications and their correlation are given. 

Domestic and Foreign Approaches to the Classification of Aphasia

Especially in the chronic phase, individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) (IwTBI) may still have impairments at the discourse level, even if these remain undetected by conventional aphasia tests. As a consequence, IwTBI may be impaired in conversational behavior and disadvantaged in their socio-communicative participation. Even though handling discourse is thought to be a basic requirement for participation and quality of life, only a handful of test procedures assessing discourse disorders have been developed so far. The MAKRO Screening is a recently developed screening tool designed to assess discourse impairments. The test construction is based on psycholinguistic frameworks and the concept of macro-rules, which refer to cognitive functions responsible for organizing and reducing complex information (e.g., propositional content) in discourse.The aim of our study was to investigate discourse processing in IwTBI in different tasks and to assess problems in communicative participation in the post-acute and chronic phase. In this context, we also aimed to analyze the influence of the severity of the initial impairment and the verbal executive abilities on the discourse performance. Additionally, the impact of macrolinguistic discourse impairments and verbal fluency on perceived communicative participation was targeted in our analysis.Data from 23 IwTBI (moderate to severe) and 23 healthy control subjects have been analyzed. They completed two subtests of the MAKRO screening: Text production and Inferences. Discourse performance was examined in relation to measures of semantic fluency and verbal task-switching. Socio-communicative problems were evaluated with the German version of the La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LCQ).IwTBI showed lower test results than the control group in the two subtests of the MAKRO-Screening. Difficulties in picture-based narrative text production also indicated greater perceived difficulties in communicative participation (LCQ). We also found that the subject's performance on the MAKRO-Screening subtests can partly be explained by underlying dysexecutive symptoms (in terms of verbal fluency and verbal task switching) and the severity of their injury. The preliminary results of our study show that cognitive-linguistic symptoms in IwTBI are also evident in the chronic phase. These can be detected with procedures referring to the discourse level, such as the MAKRO-Screening. The assessment of discourse performance should be an integral part in the rehabilitation of IwTBI in order to detect cognitive-linguistic communication disorders and to evaluate their impact on socio-communicative participation. 

/pdf/interaction-of-discourse-processing-impairments-1ps60x76.pdf

Interaction of discourse processing impairments, communicative participation, and verbal executive functions in people with chronic traumatic brain injury

A.R. Luria is one of the most prestigious scientists in neuroscience, neuropsychology in particular. His contribution to aphasiology and neurolinguistics is well known. However, today some researchers believe that A.R. Luria's main ideas have lost their relevance and have little influence on contemporary discussions. The paper presents the views of A.R. Luria on the brain organization of speech and aphasia. Although he developed his concept of the relationship between cognitive processes and brain work several decades ago, scientific and technological achievements in our days largely confirm many of his ideas and hypotheses. A.R. Luria's basic views of the brain and language are considered in this article in the light of modern neuroscience. Two main monographs and some works of A.R. Luria, which are dedicated to the brain organization of speech and to the classification of aphasia, are analyzed. In particular, comparisons are made between his initial assumptions about aphasia and their theoretical rationale in the  book «Traumatic Aphasia» (1947) and his more complex interpretation of the cerebral organization of speech, which is presented in his work «Basic Problems of Neurolinguistics» (1975). The paper discusses differences between these two books and also linguistic issues, which received much attention in his later publication. It considers the concepts of functional systems, systemic and dynamic organization of speech, proposed by A.R. Luria. It is shown that his interpretation of the cerebral organization of speech as a specific contribution of various brain regions to the speech system continues to be widely used, and his significant contribution to neurolinguistics is widely recognized. Many ideas of A.R. Luria have been integrated into contemporary aphasiology, while some questions of his proposed classification of aphasia remain debatable.

/pdf/a-r-luria-s-contribution-to-studies-of-the-brain-47xttwpg3v.pdf

A.R. Luria's contribution to studies of the brain organization of language

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A.R. Luria's contribution to studies of the brain organization of language