A new body condition score (BCS) system was developed for Murrah buffaloes. The skeletal check points were identifi ed based on the anatomical features and carcass fat reserves. A new BCS chart with a 1-5 scale having 0.5 increments examining eight skeletal check points was developed. The ultrasonographic assessment of the precision of BCS system in 10 buffaloes for each point of the 1-5 scale indicated that BCS adequately refl ected the actual fat reserves. The infl uence of body condition score at calving (BCS) on the reproductive and productive performance studied in 24 (4 x 6 completely randomised design) and 40 (4 x 10 completely randomized design) buffaloes, respectively, revealed that buffaloes of BCSc group 3.5-3.99 showed the best performance among the four BCSc groups with earlier (P < 0.05) resumption of ovarian activity (29.33 days), a shorter (P < 0.01) postpartum an estrus period (46.66 days), a shorter (P < 0.05) service period (58.83 days), fewer services per conception (1.50), a higher rate of fi rst service conception (66.66%) with higher (P < 0.01) breeding effi ciency (90.64 percent). The milk production traits like total milk yield up to 18 weeks of lactation (1658.67 kg), 305 day predicted lactation yield (3187.3 kg), peak milk yield (16.5 kg), milk protein and solids not fat were also higher in BCSc of 3.5-3.99 followed by the BCSc groups of 4.0-4.49, 3.0-3.49 and 2.5-2.99.

A body condition score (BCS) system in Murrah buffaloes.

An experiment was conducted to observe the effect of substitution of concentrate mixture with Azolla pinnata on growth performance, feed intake, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical’s of Hariana heifers. Twelve heifers were randomly allocated into two treatment groups for 90 days feeding trial. The heifers were fed either a control diet (C) or the control diet supplemented with  Azolla pinnata (T) . The heifers of control group were fed with a basal ration comprised of jowar fodder, wheat straw and concentrate mixture according to their nutrient requirement. Concentrate mixture was replaced at 5% level (DM basis) by Azolla pinnata in treatment group. Dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight were recorded fortnightly and blood samples were collected at monthly intervals for analysis of total blood protein, plasma albumin, total plasma immunoglobulin, blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In present study, DMI, body weight and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by dietary supplementation of Azolla pinnata . Replacing concentrate with Azolla pinnata improved (P<0.01) fortnightly weight gain, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Blood concentration of creatinine and BUN were 53% and 17% lower, respectively in Azolla pinnata supplemented heifers than control group. Serum ALT and AST concentration were reported higher in Azolla pinnata fed heifers. However, other blood parameters and digestibility of nutrient did not change due to replacement of concentrate mixture with Azolla pinnata . In conclusion, replacement of concentrate mixture by Azolla pinnata at 5% level improved the feed conversion efficiency and growth rate of Hariana heifers without any detrimental effect on nutrient intake, digestibility and blood biochemical profile.

http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IJDS/article/download/50583/pdf_199

Effect of feeding Azolla pinnata on growth performance, feed intake, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical's of Hariana heifers fed on roughage based diet.

Periparturient Murrah buffaloes were used to determine whether body condition, energy balance and immune status are affected by inorganic Cr supplementation. Twenty-four Murrah buffaloes were blocked into four groups having six animals in each group and fed for 60 days pre-partum to 150 days post-partum. Feeding regimen was same in all the groups except that these were supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 of Cr per kilogram of dry matter (DM) in the four respective groups. Buffaloes were weighed at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at days -60, -30, -15, -7, 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 of experimental feeding for the estimation of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), Cr level, lymphocyte proliferation, neutrophil phagocytic activity, plasma total immunoglobulin (TIg), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and cortisol levels. Results revealed that with approaching parturition, dry matter intake (DMI), immune response and plasma Cr level decreased (P < 0.05) gradually and minimum values were observed on the day of parturition in all groups. In contrast, body condition score (BCS), plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations showed increasing (P < 0.05) trends towards calving and level decreased after calving. Dietary Cr supplementation did not have any effect on DMI and BCS, but immune response and plasma Cr concentration showed a positive correlation with dietary Cr supplementation. Buffaloes supplemented with 1.5 mg/kg Cr had significantly (P < 0.05) low plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations. The results of present findings indicated that dietary inorganic Cr supplementation reduced lipid mobilization and improved immune response in periparturient buffaloes.

Body Condition, Energy Balance and Immune Status of Periparturient Murrah Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) Supplemented with Inorganic Chromium

Surveillance clinic biochemical and therapeutic studies on mineral imbalances in dairy animals of south western region of punjab

This study was conducted to determine the effects of inorganic chromium (Cr) on body condition, metabolic responses, lactation performance, and reproductive parameters in periparturient Murrah buffaloes. Twenty-four multiparous advanced pregnant Murrah buffaloes were randomly assigned to four treatment diets. Feeding regimen was the same in all the groups, except that the animals in the four respective groups were additionally supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg of Cr/kg dry matter (DM) from day 60 prepartum to 150 days postpartum. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production were recorded every day, while body condition score (BCS) and whole blood samples were collected at days −60, −45, −30, −15, −7, −3, 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 150 relative to actual calving. As the days to calving advanced, DMI, plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and Cr levels decreased (P < 0.05), and the levels were minimum on the day of calving. In contrast, the concentration of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) increased (P < 0.05) and was found to be highest at parturition. No change in DMI as well as BCS was observed due to dietary treatments. Supplementation of Cr improved plasma concentration of glucose, leptin, and Cr levels. However, the concentration of insulin decreased (P < 0.05) with the increased level of supplemental Cr. Milk yield (kg/day) was improved significantly (P < 0.05) in groups supplemented with 1.0 or 1.5 mg Cr/DM; however, only a small change was recorded in the group fed 0.5 mg Cr/kg DM. Fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk were 28.78 and 42.32 % and 28.76 and 41.68 % higher in the 1.0 and 1.5 mg Cr/DM groups, respectively. Dietary Cr supplementation during the peripartum period had beneficial effects on the reproductive performance of buffaloes. These results could be interpreted as an improvement in the body condition, metabolic response, milk yield, efficiency of milk production and nutrient utilization, and reproductive performance of peripartum Murrah buffaloes.

Effect of Additional Chromium Supplementation on Health Status, Metabolic Responses, and Performance Traits in Periparturient Murrah Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis )

Body conditions score and its relation to age and physical parameters in crossbred cows

An investigation was conducted to study the cost of milk production in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 300 dairy farmers were selected from the Godavari delta, the upland and the agency areas of the district. The study revealed that the gross cost (Rs/-) of milk production per animal per day was higher in graded Murrah buffalo (167.17) followed by cross bred cow (140.61), local buffalo (96.22) and local cow (58.32). The cost of milk production per litre was higher in graded Murrah buffaloes (22.75) followed by local buffalo (22.82), local cow (18.89) and crossbred cow (14.02).  The gross income (Rs/-) per animal per day was higher in graded Murrah buffaloes (292.78) followed by crossbred (236.51), local buffalo (154.84) and local cow (71.45).  The net income (Rs/-) per animal per day was higher in graded Murrah buffaloes (125.61) followed by crossbred (95.90), local buffalo (58.62) and local cow (13.13). The average cost of milk production was Rs/- 23.03  and net income per litre was Rs/- 146.85 in graded Murrah buffaloes which was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in the Godavari delta. The average cost of milk production was Rs/- 23.73 and net income per litre was Rs/- 71.77 in local buffalo which was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in the upland area. The average cost of milk production and net income per litre in local cow was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in the Godavari delta (20.14 and 15.46, respectively) than that in upland and agency areas.

Cost and Returns of Milk Production from Dairy Animals in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh

Influence of body conditions score on service period and incidence of clinical mastitis in crossbred cows

A survey was conducted to analyse the buffalo farming system in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The demographic studies showed that 77 per cent of buffalo farmers in the study area were of middle age. Majority of buffalo milk producers in delta and upland areas belonged to other caste, but in agency area, most belonged to scheduled tribe. Buffalo farmers under the survey were educated (52.67%) and agriculture was their occupation supported by dairying. Buffalo farmers in agency area practiced agriculture, horticulture and dairying whereas in delta and upland area practiced only agriculture and dairying. Majority of milk producers in delta area were small farmers and in upland area were marginal farmer category. Most (83.67%) of the families were of small size (up to 4 members) in the study area. Upland milk producers had more extension contact with veterinarians (53%). Most (83.67%) of the milk producers had no exposure to mass media. Inadequate availability of fodder seed/ slipswas the major constraint perceived by the milk producers of study area. Veterinarians expressed problem of anestrous or silent heat and repeat breeding in buffaloes as major constraints in dairy production in East Godavari district.

Demographic studies and constraints of buffalo farming in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh

In a field study covering 240 farmers spread over 60 villages in 15 mandals, data were collected on the morphological characteristics and morphometric characters of 1141 local goats of Guntur district from September to December, 2019. The predominant coat colour was multi-colour (43.82%) and bicolour (43.38%). The head profile of most of the goats was slightly convex (58.63%), followed by straight (41.37%). Majority of goats had pendulous ears (82.30%) and wattles in both males (82.25%) and females (69.14%). Majority of goats did not have beard (85.28%) and both sexes were horned (93.51%). The overall mean body length, height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth and body weight of local goats were 68.3±0.2, 79.7±0.2, 77.8±0.2, 77.8±0.3 cm and 35.4±0.2 kg, respectively. The body weight of goats was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with chest girth (0.80), paunch girth (0.69), body height (0.64) and body length (0.64). The study suggested that selection of homogeneous population from surrounding districts and conducting study in large population so as to recognize local goats as a breed. 

Morphological characteristics of local non-descript Goats of Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

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