
 
 Adolescence is the critical stage of an individual’s growth and development that determines their nutritional status in the future. Adolescent overnutrition has become an increasing public health concern in developing countries like Ethiopia.
 
 
 
 This study was designed to determine the magnitude and determinants of overnutrition among school-going adolescents in Dale District of Ethiopia.
 
 
 
 An institution-based cross-sectional study was done between November and December 2020. A total of 333 school-going adolescents aged 10–19 years participated in this study. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, physical activity level, dietary energy intake, and height and weight data were collected. Body Mass Index for age Z-score (BAZ) was computed. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association of outcome variable with explanatory variables, and results were reported using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval.
 
 
 
 The magnitude of overnutrition was 7.2% (10.8% in the urban versus. 3.6% of rural schools). Overnutrition was positively associated with lack of sufficient play area within the school (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI [1.02–6.26]), being an urban resident (AOR = 3.05, 95% CI [1.12–8.29]), positive energy balance (AOR = 9.47, 95% CI [1.58–56.80]), consuming fast foods within a month before the survey date (AOR = 2.60, 95% CI [1.93–6.83]), having moderate (AOR = 9.28, 95% CI [6.70–71.63]) or low physical activity (PA) (AOR = 7.95, 95% CI [1.12–56.72]), and consuming snack within last one week before the survey date (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI [1.15–9.58]).
 
 
 
 The magnitude of overnutrition among school-going adolescents was suboptimal. Sedentary lifestyles, excess calorie intake, having inadequate play areas within the school, and having snack and fast foods were determinants for overnutrition in the study area.


Overnutrition in adolescents and its associated factors in Dale district schools in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Background Overnutrition among adolescents is becoming a major public health concern, with all the adverse consequences associated with unhealthy eating behaviors. Hence, clear evidence linking dietary consumption with the risk of overnutrition is crucial for targeted dietary recommendations using a robust statistical approach. This study assessed the link between dietary consumption patterns and the risks of overnutrition among adolescents in Ethiopia. Method A community-based survey was conducted on a random sample of 510 adolescents selected using a stratified random sampling via proportional allocation. Dietary consumption was captured using a validated and contextualized 80-item food frequency questionnaire over the past month through a face-to-face interview. Weight and height were measured under a standard procedure. Body Mass Index for Age Z-score (BAZ) was calculated, and BAZ above +1 was considered overnutrition. The frequency measures were standardized into daily equivalents, and dietary patterns were derived using exploratory factor analysis after checking for assumptions. A bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression model was fitted with an odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Results A total of 510 participants were enrolled. Four major dietary patterns (“cereals, energy, and discretionary calory,” “fat, oil, and milk groups,” “proteins and vegetables,” and “fruits”), explaining 66.6% of the total variation, were identified. The overall prevalence of overnutrition was 29.0% (27–31%), where 22.5 and 6.5% were overweight and obese, respectively. Physical inactivity (AOR = 6.27; 95% CI: 2.75–14.3), maternal literacy (AOR = 111.3; 95% CI: 50.0–247.8), habit of snacking (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI: 0.69–4.67), skipping meals (AOR = 2.05; 955 CI: 0.84–5.04), cereals and discretionary food dietary pattern (AOR = 2.28; 95 CI: 0.94–5.55), and protein–rich and vegetable dietary pattern (AOR = 2.30; 95% CI: 0.97–5.46) were important factors associated with odds of overnutrition. Conclusion Overnutrition is a public health concern affecting one-third of adolescents, and it is closely linked with dietary consumption patterns, eating behaviors, wealth status, literacy, and level of physical activity. Therefore, public health interventions targeting unhealthy eating and lifestyles are urgently needed to curb the increasing burden of overnutrition among adolescents and its future complications.

Association between dietary consumption patterns and the development of adolescent overnutrition in eastern Ethiopia: new perspectives

A healthy diet is essential to a child’s growth and development because it helps them to establish a firm foundation for staying healthy from an early age and also ensures healthy development of the brain and other key organs which further helps in the development of immunity against infectious diseases as well as decreases the incidence of malnutrition in all of its manifestations. The goal of the study is to compare and assess the nutritional status and its risk factor among children in Private and Government Schools. A Cross-sectional observational study was carried out among 200 samples in selected schools of Bengaluru. The data was collected by using self-designed and validated questionnaire, responses were recorded and BMI & waist-hip ratio were calculated. It was found that the underweight prevalence was much higher among Government School students and overweight prevalence was higher among Private School students.

pdf/nutritional-status-of-children-a-comparative-study-among-2feija5zco.pdf

Nutritional Status of Children- A Comparative Study among Students in Government and Private Schools

Background Ethiopia has undergone rapid economic growth over the last two decades that could influence the diets and nutrition of young people. This work systematically reviewed primary studies on adolescent nutrition from Ethiopia, to inform future interventions to guide policies and programs for this age group. Method A systematic search of electronic databases for published studies on the prevalence of and interventions for adolescent malnutrition in Ethiopia in the English language since the year 2000 was performed using a three-step search strategy. The results were checked for quality using the Joanna Bridge Institute (JBI) checklist, and synthesized and presented as a narrative description. Results Seventy six articles and two national surveys were reviewed. These documented nutritional status in terms of anthropometry, micronutrient status, dietary diversity, food-insecurity, and eating habits. In the meta-analysis the pooled prevalence of stunting, thinness and overweight/obesity was 22.4% (95% CI: 18.9, 25.9), 17.7% (95% CI: 14.6, 20.8) and 10.6% (7.9, 13.3), respectively. The prevalence of undernutrition ranged from 4% to 54% for stunting and from 5% to 29% for thinness. Overweight/obesity ranged from 1% to 17%. Prevalence of stunting and thinness were higher in boys and rural adolescents, whereas overweight/obesity was higher in girls and urban adolescents. The prevalence of anemia ranged from 9% to 33%. Approximately 40%-52% of adolescents have iodine deficiency and associated risk of goiter. Frequent micronutrient deficiencies are vitamin D (42%), zinc (38%), folate (15%), and vitamin A (6.3%). Conclusions The adolescent population in Ethiopia is facing multiple micronutrient deficiencies and a double-burden of malnutrition, although undernutrition is predominant. The magnitude of nutritional problems varies by gender and setting. Context-relevant interventions are required to effectively improve the nutrition and health of adolescents in Ethiopia.

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of adolescent nutrition in Ethiopia: Transforming adolescent lives through nutrition (TALENT) initiative

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading global cause of death, causing over 43 million deaths in 2021, including 18 million premature deaths, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. NCDs also incur significant economic losses, estimated at USD 7 trillion from 2011 to 2025, despite low prevention costs. This study evaluated body mapping indicators: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio—for predicting NCD risk, including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, using data from a nationally representative survey in Ghana. The study sampled 5775 participants via multistage stratified sampling, ensuring proportional representation by region, urban/rural residency, age, and gender. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Anthropometric and biochemical data, including height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and lipid profiles, were collected using standardized protocols. Data analysis was conducted with STATA 17.0, accounting for complex survey design. Significant sex-based differences were observed: men were taller and lighter, while women had higher BMI and waist/hip circumferences. NCD prevalence increased with age, peaking at 60–69 years, and was higher in females. Lower education and marital status (widowed, divorced, separated) correlated with higher NCD prevalence. Obesity and high waist circumference strongly predicted NCD risk, but individual anthropometric measures lacked screening accuracy. Integrated screening and tailored interventions are recommended for improved NCD detection and management in resource-limited settings. 

Body Mapping as Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Ghana: Evidence from Ghana’s 2023 Nationwide Steps Survey

Background Poorly controlled blood glucose is prevalent and contributes to the huge burden of diabetes related morbidity, and central obesity has a great role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its adverse complications, which could predict such risks, yet evidence is lacking. Hence, this paper is to evaluate the predictive performance of central obesity indices for glycemic control among adult patients with diabetes in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A survey of 432 randomly chosen patients with diabetes was conducted using a pretested questionnaire supplemented by chart review, anthropometrics, and biomarkers by trained data collectors. The poor glycemic control was assessed using a fasting blood glucose (FBS) level of above 130 and/or an HgA1c level above 7%. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured under standard procedures and we calculated waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The receiver operating characteristics curve was used to assess the predictive performance of obesity indices for glycemic control using area under the curve (AUC) and corresponding validity measures. Results A total of 432 (92%) patients with diabetes were enrolled with a mean age of 49.6 (±12.4) years. The mean fasting blood glucose level was 189 (±72) mg dl-1 where 330 (76.4%) (95% CI: 74.4–78.4%) and 93.3% of them had poor glycemic control based on FBS and HgA1c, respectively. WC (AUC = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85–0.95), WHR (AUC = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.43–0.84), and WHtR (AUC = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.83–0.94) have a higher predictive performance for poor glycemic control at cut-off points above 100 cm, 0.95, and 0.62, respectively. However, obesity indices showed a lower predictive performance for poor glycemic control based on FBS. Body mass index (BMI) had a poor predictive performance for poor glycemic control (AUC = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.13–0.40). Conclusions Poor glycemic control is a public health concern and obesity indicators, typically WC, WHR, and WHtR, have a better predictive performance for poor glycemic control than BMI.

/pdf/waist-to-hip-circumference-and-waist-to-height-ratio-could-1vggz6d9.pdf

Waist-to-hip circumference and waist-to-height ratio could strongly predict glycemic control than body mass index among adult patients with diabetes in Ethiopia: ROC analysis

Backgrounds Unhealthy dietary intake is an important preventable risk factor for obesity and impaired blood glucose (IBG), ultimately increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases. When compared to individual food intakes, dietary patterns are a stronger predictor of health outcomes and should be systematically evaluated where such evidence is lacking. This study evaluated dietary patterns and their association with the risk of central obesity and IBG among adults. Methods A community-based survey was conducted among 501 randomly-selected adults from Eastern Ethiopia. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire during a face-to-face interview that included sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, as well as a validated 89-item food frequency questionnaire (collected over one month). Principal component analysis was used to derive the dietary pattern. While central obesity was assessed using waist and/or hip circumference measurements, fasting blood sugar was used for IBG. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted with an odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values reported. Results A total of 501 adults (95.3%) were interviewed, with a mean age of 41 years (±12). Five major dietary patterns explaining 71% of the total variance were identified: “nutrient-dense foods”, “high fat and protein”, “processed foods”, “alcohol drinks”, and “cereal diets”. While 20.4% (17.0–24.2%) had IBG, 14.6% (11.8–17.9) were centrally obese, and 94.6% (92.3–96.3) had an increased waist-to-hip circumference ratio. Central obesity is associated with upper wealth status (AOR = 6.92; 2.91–16.5), physical inactivity (AOR = 21.1; 2.77–161.4), a diet high in nutrient-dense foods (AOR = 1.75; 0.75–4.06), processed foods (AOR = 1.41; 0.57–3.48), and cereal diets (AOR = 4.06; 1.87–8.82). The burden of IBG was associated with upper wealth status (AOR = 2.36; 1.36–4.10), physical inactivity (AOR = 2.17; 0.91–5.18), upper tercile of nutrient-dense foods (AOR = 1.35; 0.62–2.93), fat and protein diet (AOR = 1.31; 0.66–2.62), and cereal diet consumption (AOR = 3.87; 1.66–9.02). Conclusion IBG and central obesity were prevalent and predicted by upper tercile consumption of nutrient-dense foods, high fat and protein diets, processed foods, and cereal diets, which could guide dietary interventions.

Major dietary patterns of community dwelling adults and their associations with impaired blood glucose and central obesity in Eastern Ethiopia: Diet-disease epidemiological study

Background The use of medications without proper medical consultations poses significant health risks, drug resistance, and undiagnosed disease conditions, becoming a major pharmaceutical challenge in the 21st century. This study assessed the magnitude and associated factors of self-medication practice among adults in parts of Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 647 randomly selected adults residing in randomly selected households in eastern Ethiopia via a stratified sampling approach. A pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data on self-medication practice. Data were presented using tables, frequencies, percentages, and graphs. A multivariable binary logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with self-medication practice and presented as an adjusted odds ratio along with its 95% CI. Associations with a p value below 5% were used to declare statistical significance. Results A total of 647 adults with a mean age of 41.7 (11.4) years were included. Overall, 15.8% (95% CI: 12.5–18.2) of them reported to have practiced self-medication in the past month, while 67.9% (95% CI: 64.1–74.7) have practiced self-medication, mainly due to the mild nature of the symptom (11%), intention to get a rapid cure (12.2%), physical accessibility (9.1%), and less confidence in the quality of health facility services (3.7%). The majority of the drugs were in the form of oral tablets in the antibiotic, antipain, and gastrointestinal categories. Female (AOR = 1.66 and 95% CI: 0.76–3.61), larger family size (AOR = 1.34 and 95% CI: 0.73–2.46), illiteracy (AOR = 4.47 and 95% CI: 1.17–17.1), poor socioeconomic class (AOR = 4.6795 and CI: 1.71–12.7), perceived health facility visit stay as long (AOR = 1.55 and 95% CI: 0.80–3.00), khat use (AOR = 2.86 and 95% CI: 1.27–6.47), cigarette smoking (AOR = 2.86 95% CI: 1.27–6.47), and poor knowledge on proper medication use (AOR = 7.98 and 95% CI: 4.61–13.8) were associated with increased odds of self-medication. Conclusion The practice of self-medication is a health concern and is associated with lower socioeconomic class, illiteracy, substance abuse, a perceived long stay at a health facility, and poor knowledge of medication use. Behavioral interventions targeting this segment of the population via various approaches would help.

Extent and Correlates of Self-Medication Practice among Community-Dwelling Adults in Eastern Ethiopia

Background Adolescent overnutrition is becoming a global public health problem, increasing at an alarming rate in developing countries. Overnutrition increases the risks of serious diet-related chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. However, there is limited evidence on the magnitude and risk factors of overnutrition in the study area. Objective To determine the magnitude of overnutrition and associated factors among school adolescents in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2021 among 498 adolescent students selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. A systematic random sampling technique was employed. Self-administered questionnaires, including food frequency and anthropometric measurement, were used to collect the data. The BMI-for-age Z score was calculated using the WHO Anthro-Plus. A binary logistic regression model was fitted with an odds ratio, and 95% confidence levels. Statistical significance is declared at a p-value below 0.05. Results A total of 498 (98.4%) were included with the overall prevalence of overnutrition of 26.1% (95% CI: 22.3–29.9), where 23.7% and 2.4% had overweight and obesity, respectively. Being female (AOR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.65–6.63), attending at private school (AOR = 4.97; 95% CI: 1.72–14.35), having sweet food preferences (AOR = 6.26; 95% CI: 3.14–12.5), snacking (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.11–8.36), sedentary behavior (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.67–6.09), and eating while watching TV (AOR= 2.95; 95% CI: 1.47–5.95) were significantly associated with overnutrition. Conclusion Overnutrition is a major emerging public health problem in eastern Ethiopia. School type, sex, sweet food preferences, habits of snacking, sedentary behaviors, and eating while watching TV were significantly associated with overnutrition. Therefore, public health strategies to curb overweight and obesity among high school adolescents are urgently needed in order to reduce the prevalence and its adverse complications.

https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=77699

Overnutrition and Associated Factors Among High School Adolescents in Mid COVID-19 Pandemic in Ethiopia: Neglected Public Health Concern

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Waist-to-hip circumference and waist-to-height ratio could strongly predict glycemic control than body mass index among adult patients with diabetes in Ethiopia: ROC analysis

Major dietary patterns of community dwelling adults and their associations with impaired blood glucose and central obesity in Eastern Ethiopia: Diet-disease epidemiological study

Extent and Correlates of Self-Medication Practice among Community-Dwelling Adults in Eastern Ethiopia

Overnutrition and Associated Factors Among High School Adolescents in Mid COVID-19 Pandemic in Ethiopia: Neglected Public Health Concern