This paper describes the dynamic and stability properties of wind turbine generators connected to power systems. Both synchronous and induction generators are considered. A comparison is made between wind turbines, steam, and hydro units. The unusual phenomena associated with wind turbines are emphasized. The general control requirements are discussed, as well as various schemes for torsional damping such as speed sensitive stabilizer and blade pitch control. Interaction between adjacent wind turbines in a "wind farm" is also considered.

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Dynamics and Stability of Wind Turbine Generators

The torsional stresses that occur in large steam turbine- generator shafts due to both planned and unplanned system switching operations are discussed. These operations include routine line switching, reclosing line-to-ground faults by either triple-pole or single-pole breaker operation, reclosing line-to-line and three-phase faults, malsynchronization and load rejection. The calculation of cumulative fatigue of individual turbine-generator shafts from computer-plotted torsional swing traces is explained. The benefits of single-pole breaker operation and of dividing the output of large generators between different electrical systems are briefly mentioned.

Torsional Fatigue of Turbine-Generator Shafts Caused by Different Electrical System Faults and Switching Operations

This paper is the first of two papers concerned with the effects of power system disturbances and operating practices upon turbine-generator shafts. The paper presents techniques for the analysis of shaft fatigue damage due to torsional oscillations. The detailed development of a fatigue model is presented. An example illustrates the use of the techniques for calculation of the loss of life of a turbine-generator shaft due to high speed reclosing of a close-in three phase fault.

Turbine-Generator Shaft Torques and Fatigue: Part I - Simulation Methods and Fatigue Analysis

Interaction between the electrical transmission system and the turbine generator may induce torsional stresses to the shaft system whose magnitude and risk of damage have to be carefully analyzed in advance to ensure undisturbed operation and to preclude any damage from the unit. Within this task, the present paper investigates the torsional stressing which arise as a result of torsional resonance induced by pulsating components in the electrical torque of the generator and presents a method for assessing the susceptibility of natural torsional modes to excitation.

Torsional Performance of Turbine Generator Shafts Especially Under Resonant Excitation

This paper details the use of computerized magnetic field solutions, based on magnetic vector potential, to develop a simplified approach to the calculation of saturated values of steady state reactances of turbogenerators under various load conditions. When magnetic nonlinearity of the stator and rotor materials is taken into account, the turbogenerator reactances become dependent on the saturation conditions in the machine, which are a function of the operating conditions (terminal voltage, current and power factor). Quadrature axis synchronous reactances are reduced by as much as 40% from their classical unsaturated values under rated load. Torque angles deduced from the model at rated load are lower by as much as 20% than values obtained by standard methods. The method is applied to two typical 4-pole, 659 MVA and 2-pole, 733 MVA turbogenerators of the gas inner-coaled type. Supportive shop floor test results are provided.

A simplified approach to determination of saturated synchronous reactances of large turbogenerators under load

Recent concern over abnormal stresses imposed on the shafts of large turbine-generators, due to high speed switching of network faults, has led to intensive investigation of this phenomenon. Elaborate computer programs were developed for simulated model studies which revealed that hitherto unexpectedly high shaft stresses can occur merely by tripping a three-phase short circuit near the power station at an unfavorable instant. The effects of circuit breaker reclosing, both successful and unsuccessful, were also investigated together with those due to faulty synchronizing. Test data on a 780 MVA unit gained by telemetric means verified the calculated torques and established the damping coefficients in a running unit. The adverse influence of numerous repetitive instances of such over-stressing on life expenditure of rotor materials is being evaluated.

Effect of clearing short circuits and automatic reclosing on torsional stress and life expenditure of turbine-generator shafts

Nuclear power plants are rapidly assuming a major role in supplying the world's increasing demand for electric power. The saturated steam conditions of light-water reactors favor the use of 1500 or 1800 r/min turbines with four-pole generators which are already being built in ratings up to and even exceeding 1500 MVA. Recent developments in gas-cooled reactors give rise to an additional need for 3600 r/min turbines with large two-pole generators.

Factors Influencing Reliability of Large Generators for Nuclear power Plants

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Effect of clearing short circuits and automatic reclosing on torsional stress and life expenditure of turbine-generator shafts

Factors Influencing Reliability of Large Generators for Nuclear power Plants