There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

https://research.tees.ac.uk/ws/files/4355237/621561.pdf

Thermo-mechanical deformation degradation of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (c-Si PV) module in operation

The welding process has a significant impact on the chemical composition, structure and mechanical properties of materials in heat-affected zones. The existing approaches to the diagnostics cannot predict the properties of the welded joint nor do they guarantee its reliable performance throughout the projected service life. This becomes especially relevant when investigating the welds from heterogeneous steels applied in power engineering. The main goal of this paper is to offer modern approaches to the complex technical diagnostics of steam pipelines using X-ray investigation of heterogeneous weld structures. In this work, the following research methods were used: X-ray fluorescence analysis, X-ray diffraction method, and microhardness measurement. The object of the investigation is the composite weld of 12Cr18Ni9Ti austenitic steel and 12Cr1MoV pearlitic steel. The results of this investigation show that the properties of the weldable steel changed significantly as compared to its original state. The weld structure was represented by the internal structural stress gradients despite the application of the stress relief heat treatment. The proposed approaches to the study of steel welds can be used for selecting the rational mode of post-weld heat treatment. Combined with traditional inspection methods (visual or ultrasonic inspection, etc.), these approaches can serve as a basis for technical diagnostics and the selection of constructional materials.

X-ray investigation of a heterogeneous steel weld

The paper presents an experimental study of deformations of mild steel samples by magnetic Barkhausen, magnetoacoustic and ultrasonic methods. The purpose of the study is to investigate and analyze the dependence between mechanical, magnetic and acoustic properties and to find appropriate parameters for stress state evaluation in the elastic and plastic regions.

/pdf/non-destructive-monitoring-of-tensile-of-mild-steel-samples-4o2p08yk2e.pdf

Non-destructive monitoring of tensile of mild steel samples by magnetic Barkhausen and ultrasonic methods

In vacuum thermocyclic tests, high-temperature X-ray diffraction patterns reveal anomalous thermal lattice deformation (λ-anomalies) of St10 (Ct10), 08H18N10T (08X18H10T), 12H1MF (12X1MФ), and Di-59 (ДИ-59) 10H13G12BS2N2TS2 (10X13Г12БC2H2Ц2) boiler steel within a narrow temperature range. That lattice deformation cannot be explained in terms of familiar phase transitions of types I and II and, according to analysis of the relative integral diffraction-line intensities, is associated with grain-boundary transformations and reorientation of the grains, with consequent modification of the physical and mechanical characteristics and the life of the heat-transfer surfaces.

Assessing the life of boiler steel on the basis of anomalous thermal deformation of its crystal lattice

Structural instability in the early decomposition of supersaturated austenite solid solution

The article presents information on local structural nonuniformities in the tube wall metal due to which its individual zones have different susceptibility to corrosion damage processes. The presented information is based on experimental data about the structure of material (microhardness, crystallite size distribution function, and inner structural stresses of the first and second kind depending on the structural flaws density and temperature) obtained using the high-temperature X-radiography method. For a sample made of Grade 20 steel, the temperature range (350–370°C) is experimentally substantiated and determined based on the conditions of relaxing inner structural stresses of the first and second kind in which the crack surface is passivated by oxide film, which prevents the occurrence of stress concentration at the crack edge and crack propagation.

Consideration of intrastructural stresses in the processes connected with the effect of structural nonuniformity on corrosion damages inflicted to heat-transfer tubes

The effect of thermo-mechanical loading on fracture-related parameters of austenitic steel

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