Seafaring has frequently been reported to be a 'risky occupation' in terms of both physical and mental health. Individuals working in seafaring professions are exposed to various stressors in the workplace, including social isolation, exposure to poor physical conditions and long work hours. This systematic review aimed to update previous reviews by collating recent literature (published between 2012 and 2021) on the factors associated with mental health and wellbeing in seafaring personnel.Four electronic databases were searched in April 2021 for primary peer-reviewed studies on factors associated with the mental health and psychological wellbeing of seafarers or interventions to improve the wellbeing of seafarers, published in English in or after the year 2012. Thematic analysis was used to synthesise the data and standardised measures of quality appraisal were used to assess risk of bias.Sixty-three studies were reviewed. Risk factors for poor mental health among seafarers appear to be younger age; being single; poor physical health; exposure to noise/vibration; feeling unsafe; high job demands; long working hours; night/irregular shifts; poor sleep; poor team cohesion; poor perception of management; poor social support; lack of autonomy; scheduling uncertainties; long duration at sea; and over-commitment.There are numerous steps that maritime managers could take to improve the wellbeing of their personnel, including increased monitoring of the potential for poor mental health in their staff, increasing crew numbers and provision of education and support. 

https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40359-022-00850-4

Mental health and psychological wellbeing of maritime personnel: a systematic review

The current operational military environment is changing, complex, unpredictable, and ambiguous. Due to such situations, soldiers are constantly forced to think about their values, norms, and roles that should be part of their profession. Consequently, they must first be educated and trained on how to behave in a particular operational military environment. Pursuing an officer’s education at military academies is very difficult not only physically but also psychologically. Cadets are required to be prepared to lead in extreme environments upon graduation. Despite the fact that military tasks are technically complex, the individual operational activities of soldiers are gaining more and more strategic meaning. Therefore, the importance of selecting the process and military education programs of soldiers is increasingly stressed. Cognitive abilities and skills individually predict performance in academic and professional settings, but it is less clear how personality can influence performance. Therefore, this study focused on the explanation of the individual factors that affect the achievements of the cadets. Specifically, the objective of this study was to examine direct and mediated relationships between personality traits and the military and academic performance of cadets.This study followed a quantitative method analysis. The research models were assessed using the structural equation modeling technique. Bootstrap was applied to evaluate a 95% level confidence interval on estimates with 5,000 bootstrap samples, and to evaluate direct and indirect effects. The analysis was based on a sample of 120 cadets from the Lithuanian Military Academy. The effects on military and academic performance were evaluated using the Self-Efficacy scale, the Big Five personality trait scale, academic performance was evaluated through academic grades and military performance was evaluated using instructor ratings.To support our hypotheses, it was found that self-efficacy has a mediating effect on the performance of cadets. Additionally, the traits of conscientiousness, openness to experience and extraversion were related to both military and academic performance. Furthermore, self-efficacy appeared as a partial mediator of the relationship between personality traits and cadet performance.The findings of this study help clarify the relationship between the personality traits of the cadets and the military and academic performance. In addition, these results may be useful for the further development of military education and training, for the development of testing, and selection of military personnel.

pdf/impact-of-personality-on-cadet-academic-and-military-5aynpy7ezj.pdf

Impact of personality on cadet academic and military performance within mediating role of self-efficacy

Abstract Indonesian aviation cadets’ complex and multi-faceted tasks have directed them to exhaustion and less learning focus. Their motivation and self-efficacy in learning Aviation English are hampered so their anxiety dominates. This hypothetical cause and effect enforce the present study to describe their motivation, anxiety, and self-efficacy in learning Aviation English. The present study also aimed to reveal the effect of each construct on their learning performance and identify the most predictive sub-skills that contribute to their motivation, anxiety, and self-efficacy formation. This study used a cross-sectional survey research design with a quantitative research approach. There were 207 aviation cadets chosen purposively to participate in the study. Data were collected using the Motivation, Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy Scale (MASS) with a 6-point Likert’s scaling method ( α = .987) and cadets’ final test scores. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson r correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression with the assistance of SPSS software. Results showed that cadets’ motivation, anxiety, and self-efficacy in learning Aviation English were high, thus, their learning optimism and pessimism were growing together. Each variable had a positive and strong relationship with one other ( r &gt; .05, p &lt; .001). Another finding was that communication and test anxiety was the most influencing factor in determining cadets’ learning performance. 

Motivation, anxiety, and self-efficacy in learning aviation English: a study of Indonesian aviation cadets

Shipping is considered a demanding environment that can significantly impact seafarers’ well-being and mental health. This review aims to examine existing literature on the resilience of seafarers, with a focus on the measurement methods used. Furthermore, this study intends to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research in the field of seafarers’ resilience, examining the variations in defining and conceptualizing resilience across different studies and contexts. The review identified 99 studies published between 2003 and 2023, with ten studies being included in the final analysis. These studies employed various measurement methods and provided definitions of resilience. Five questionnaires were identified, with the Dispositional Resilience Scale-15 (DRS-15) being the most commonly used. Two of the selected studies had a longitudinal follow-up, while eight were cross-sectional. Four studies related to tankers, and an additional four studies focused on naval vessels, while two studies did not specify the vessel type. The publications were distributed in the period between 2003 and 2013 (two papers) and between 2013 and 2023 (eight papers). The identified themes encompassed shipboard stressors (three papers), sleep problems (two papers), occupational groups or attitudes (two papers), experiences in war (two papers), and intervention measures (one paper), highlighting the multidimensional nature of resilience within the maritime field. This review suggests a research gap, as it reveals that the topic of resilience in seafaring has been sparsely represented. Despite an increasing interest in recent years, research remains limited, particularly in the civilian maritime sector. Therefore, this review highlights the importance of understanding and promoting resilience among seafarers. While the variety of questionnaires used was limited, achieving consensus and standardization in resilience measurement is essential for more comparable and consistent research findings. Recognizing resilience as a crucial resource can promote the development of targeted interventions and support systems, enhancing seafarers’ well-being and mental health. 

Systematic Review: Measurement Methods and Concept of Resilience Among Seafarers

Professionalism is the essential commitment of the Indonesian Armed Forces as an organization that is in charge of upholding the sovereignty of Indonesia. However, due to the decrease in professionalism and performance, training was deemed less effective. This leads to the conclusion that training elements purportedly influence the performance and professionalism of the Indonesian Army. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of Army training on the performance and professionalism of the Indonesian Army. This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze primary data from the units that participated in the Battalion Combat Team East Kalimantan joint operation exercise in 2022. It indicates that while Army training improves performance, it does not affect the Army's professionalism. The performance also has a favorable effect on the Army's professionalism. The roles of some of the trainees were incompatible with their regular occupations, and the data revealed that not all the weapon systems had been deployed. The exciting thing is that performance can indirectly mediate the influence of training on the professionalism of the Army soldiers, which means that the higher the training, the higher the performance, which in turn affects professionalism. The data used generally do not represent all units within the Indonesian territory. The research has several differences from previous research, such as testing the effect of training on professionalism through the mediation variables of the performance of the Indonesian Army, using different dimensions, and the lack of research in the Army.

The Effect of Indonesian Army Training on the Performance and Professionalism of Army Soldiers

Background In today’s era of asymmetric and unconventional warfare, psychological fitness is equally important as physical fitness. Personality assessment of soldiers, and more so officers who are leaders of men is essential in deciding what makes a good “War asset” The present study was conducted to explore the correlation between personality traits of cadets undergoing training in an Armed Forces Training Academy and their performance in terms of their military and academic pursuits. Methods Personality traits of 607 cadets determined using Revised Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) were compared and correlated with their performance in terms of Officer Like Qualities (OLQ), Outdoor activities (ODT), Academics, and Extracurricular Activities (ECA). Results Cadets with high personality traits scores in Neuroticism and low scores in Conscientiousness (Work ethics) had performed poorly in all the domains/criteria for evaluation of performance viz Officer like qualities, Outdoor activities, Academics, and Extracurricular Activities. Further, a significant negative correlation was observed between facets of Neuroticism and Academics, ODT, and OLQ. In contrast, personality facets of Conscientiousness (Work ethic) were found to be positively correlated with performance in Academics, ODT, and OLQ. Extracurricular activities were found to be positively correlated with Modesty and Intellectual Curiosity. Conclusion The present study represents the first-ever attempt in Indian Armed Forces to correlate and identify personality traits most suited for military training. The findings of the study indicate that cadets with low scores of neuroticism and high scores of conscientiousness perform well in the military academy. However, more such studies are required to reaffirm the findings of the present study and to conclusively recommend personality traits most conducive for military training.

Association of personality traits with performance in military training.

Background Studies from the Indian Navy have found junior sailors to have higher occupational stress than senior sailors. Positive social support can provide protection against detrimental effects of stress and facilitate in development of individual resilience. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the level of perceived social support among naval personnel. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using “Interpersonal Support Evaluation List” (Cohen and Hoberman, 1983) among personnel posted on a capital ship of the Indian Navy. Five hundred sixty-eight sailors voluntarily participated in the study. Results Personnel living on board (in-living) were found to have significantly lower overall perceived social support score (76.14 ± 13.72) than personnel living in family accommodation (79.40 ± 14.14). In addition, in-living personnel were also found to have lower subscale scores viz “appraisal support”, “self-esteem support”, and “belonging support” (p   0.05). Conclusion Our study brings out that young in-living sailors lack perceived social support. These young in-living sailors, being away from their families, often feel isolated and fall prey to social media, which in turn aggravates feeling of isolation and leads to psychological distress. Therefore, it is important for these individuals to have confidence in his mess mates and belief in commanders who form their primary sources of social support. To ensure this, it is the need of the hour to revitalize the age old divisional system by introduction of concepts of “Keep Your Mates Safe”, “promotion of psychological resilience”, and so on.

An assessment of perceived social support among naval personnel

Introduction: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity globally. The problem is more critical and increasing in developing countries due to rapid motorization and poor conditions of the road. In Indian Navy too, there is serious concern regarding injuries and deaths due to RTAs. Therefore, the present study was conducted to study and document the factors involved in RTAs as well as elucidate major modifiable risk factors for RTA among the naval population. Materials and Methods: Medicolegal case records pertaining to RTAs in the naval population for the period January 1, 2016–December 31, 2017, from all Naval Hospitals and major base units of Indian Navy were obtained and analyzed. Results: During the study, a total of 1608 cases of RTA were documented. More than half of the cases (n = 841; 52%) involved personnel between the ages of 21 and 30 years. Maximum number of cases (n = 179; 11.1%) occurred in July and in terms of hours of the day, maximum cases were documented as occurring between 1200 and 1600 h (n = 394; 24.5%), whereas another 24.4% of cases happened in the night starting at 2000 h. Age <40 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67–3.38), history of consumption of alcohol (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.27–2.47), and involvement of another vehicle in the accident (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.16–2.08) were found to be independent risk factors for grievous injury. Conclusion: Morbidity and mortality of trained and professional workforce due to RTAs is a major cause of concern for the Indian Navy. The present study highlights the factors associated with RTAs among the naval population and emphasizes the need to take decisive steps to reduce RTA's and prevent the loss of precious lives of naval personnel.

Epidemiological assessment of road traffic accidents among the naval population

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Association of personality traits with performance in military training.

An assessment of perceived social support among naval personnel

Epidemiological assessment of road traffic accidents among the naval population