This topic concerns the difference between a reservoir model and a geological model. Model representation is the essential issue – ask yourself whether the coloured cellular graphics we see on the screen truly resemble the reservoir as exposed in outcrop: WYSIWYG (computing acronym). Our focus is on achieving a reasonable representation. Most of the outputs from reservoir modelling are quantitative and derive from property models, so the main purpose of a rock model is to get the properties in the right place – to guide the spatial property distribution in 3D. For certain model designs, the rock model component is minimal, for others it is essential. In all cases, the rock model should be the guiding framework and should offer predictive capacity to a project. P. Ringrose and M. Bentley, Reservoir Model Design, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5497-3_2, # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2015 13 Outcrop view and model representation of the Hopeman Sandstone at Clashach Quarry, Moray Firth, Scotland

Reservoir Model Design

Fracture prediction in subsurface reservoirs is critical for exploration through exploitation of hydrocarbons. Methods of predicting fractures commonly neglect to include the stratigraphic architecture as part of the prediction or characterization process. This omission is a critical mistake. We have documented a complex heterogeneous fracture development within the eolian Tensleep Sandstone in Wyoming, which arguably is one of the least complex reservoir facies. Fractures develop at four scales of observation: lamina-bound, facies-bound, sequence-bound, and throughgoing fractures that span the formation. We documented a detailed facies and fracture-intensity model using LIDAR-scanned outcrops located at the Alcova anticline in central Wyoming. Through this characterization, we reveal the existence of a striking variability in fracture intensity caused by original depositional architecture, overall structural deformation, and diagenetic alteration of the host rock.

Complex fracture development related to stratigraphic architecture: Challenges for structural deformation prediction, Tensleep Sandstone at the Alcova anticline, Wyoming

Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate-evaporite sedimentation in an arid eolian landscape: The Khor Al Adaid tide-dominated coastal embayment, Qatar

A database of Aeolian Sedimentary Architecture for the characterization of modern and ancient sedimentary systems

Sequence stratigraphic framework for mixed aeolian, peritidal and marine environments: Insights from the Pennsylvanian subtropical record of Western Pangaea

In this study, a compartment is defined as a body of rock that is surrounded by eolian bounding surfaces. These bounding surfaces act as low-permeability baffles to fluid flow, and they occur at different scales. To identify the geometry and volumetric size of eolian compartments, we have constructed a three-dimensional (3-D) computer model of the Tensleep Sandstone based on outcrop exposures. Field data were collected using traditional surveying techniques and a precise global positioning system receiver system at Alkali Creek, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The data include coordinates and elevations of 3500 data points in a 2.0 1.5-km (1.5 1-mi) area that are tied to marine-to-eolian (0.0), intraset (0.1), first-order (1.0), and second-order (2.0) bounding surfaces. First-order, or 1.0-bounding surfaces, display undulatory geometry both in the foreset dip and strike direction. They climb from 0.0-bounding surfaces in the general direction of foreset dip (to the south-southwest), with a calculated angle typically less than 1, are laterally extensive across the study area and display variable thickness in the range of 0–26 m (0–85 ft). These 1.0-bounded compartments are subdivided by 2.0-bounding surfaces into smaller compartments. Perpendicular to strike, 2.0-bounding surfaces have an average spacing of 33 m (108 ft). They display variations in their strike and dip orientation to form laterally discontinuous bounded compartments. The 3-D model was built from correlative bounding surfaces observed in the walls of parallel canyons that cut down into the Tensleep Sandstone. Present-day topography, when superimposed on the 3-D model, allowed verification by comparisons of model cross sections and photomosaics. After topography was removed, wells were simulated by 0.04-, 0.08-, 0.16-, 0.32-, and 0.65-km2 (10-, 20-, 40-, 80-, and 160-ac) templates in the 3-D model. The simulation also included horizontal wells oriented parallel, perpendicular, and oblique to foreset dip direction. For each well, the volume of intersected reservoir compartments was calculated. For the purpose of volumetric calculations, no-flow boundaries were arbitrarily assigned to the bounding surfaces that surround each compartment. Comparison of these volumes with the ideal drainage volume of each well identified the most efficient drilling strategy for Tensleep reservoirs. In summary, horizontal wells drilled parallel to foreset dip direction drain the maximum number and volume of reservoir compartments.

Outcrop-based Three-dimensional Modeling of the Tensleep Sandstone at Alkali Creek, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming

Structural and Stratigraphic Compartments in a Horizontal Well Drilled in the Eolian Tensleep Sandstone, Byron Field, Wyoming

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Outcrop-based Three-dimensional Modeling of the Tensleep Sandstone at Alkali Creek, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming

Structural and Stratigraphic Compartments in a Horizontal Well Drilled in the Eolian Tensleep Sandstone, Byron Field, Wyoming